Tables & Figures

Tables

1.1 Total Expenditures on Health as Percentage GDP for 37 OECD Countries

1.2 Examples of External Data Sources

2.1 Patient Falls, Medication Errors, and Case-Mix Index Data from Medical/Surgical Units of Hospitals.

2.2 Heal-Me Hospital Average Daily Patients for Emergency Department.

2.3 Quarterly Indexes for Heal-Me Hospital.

2.4 Monthly Indexes for Heal-Me Hospital.

2.5 Daily Indexes for Heal-Me Hospital.

2.6 Monthly and Daily Adjusted Predictions for Emergency Department of Heal-Me Hospital.

2.7 Error Calculations

3.1 Payoff Table

3.2 Demand for Additional MRIs

3.3 Maximin Solution

3.4 Maximax Solution

3.5 Sensitivity Analysis Using Hurwitz Optimism Parameters

3.6 Opportunity Losses (Regrets)

3.7 Laplace Strategy

3.8 Payoff Table for EMV

3.9 Expected Opportunity Loss

3.10 Best Outcomes under Certainty

3.11 Total Cost of Alternatives under Various Demand Conditions

3.12 Regret Table Using Costs

3.13 Summary of Supplier Proposals

4.1 Factors to Be Considered in Establishing a Satellite Clinic

4.2 Relative Scores on Factors for a Satellite Clinic

4.3 Relative Factor Scores and Weights

4.4 Composite Scores

4.5 Satellite Clinic Factor Rankings and Minimum Acceptable Levels

4.6 Satellite Clinic Factor Minimum Acceptable Levels

4.7 Satellite Clinic Factor Importance Rankings

4.8 Selected Richmond Metropolitan Area Hospitals with Coordinates

4.9 Selected Richmond Metropolitan Area Hospitals and Their Interaction with the Blood Bank

4.10 Data for Potential Sites

5.1 Distance and Flows among Three Hospital Departments

5.2 Possible Assignment Configurations of Departments to Three Locations

5.3 Ranking Departments According to Highest Flow

5.4 Total Cost of a Layout

6.1 Typical Allowance Percentages for Varying Health Care Delivery Working Conditions

6.2 Observed Times and Performance Ratings for Nursing Unit Activities

6.3 Observed and Normal Time Calculations for Nursing Unit Activities

6.4 Abridged Patient Care Tasks in a Nursing Unit

6.5 Work Sampling Data Collection Form for Nursing Unit

6.6 Partial Work Distribution Chart for Nursing Unit

6.7 Time Study Results

7.1 Examples of Work Standards

7.2 Daily Census, Required Labor Hours, and Acuity Level Statistics for a Medical/Surgical Floor

7.3 Average Census, Required Labor Hours, and Acuity Level Statistics for a Medical/Surgical Floor

7.4 Weighted Average Utilization for a Laboratory Based on Workload Fluctuations by Shift

7.5 Workload Standards for Microscopic Procedures in Laboratory

7.6 Calculation of Staffing Requirements for Microscopic Procedures

7.7 The Effect of Shift Alternatives on Staffing—The Coverage Factor

10.1 Nurse Scheduling with Integer Programming

11.1 A-B-C Classification Analysis

12.1 Factors for Determining Control Limits for Mean and Range Charts

13.1 Activity Precedence Relationships

13.2 Path Lengths for the Radiation Oncology Project

13.3 Probabilistic Time Estimates for Radiation Oncology Project

13.4 Calculation of Expected Time and Standard Deviations on Each Path for the Radiation Oncology Project

13.5 Path Completion Probabilities

13.6 Project Completion Probabilities

14.1 Summary Analysis for M/M/s Queue for Diabetes Information Booth

15.1 Simple Simulation Experiment for Public Health Clinic

15.2 Summary Statistics for Public Health Clinic Experiment

15.3 Patient Arrival Frequencies

15.4 Probability Distribution for Patient Arrivals

15.5 Cumulative Poisson Probabilities for λ=1.7

15.6 Cumulative Poisson Probabilities for Arrivals and Service

15.7 Monte Carlo Simulation Experiment for Public Health Clinic

15.8 Summary Statistics for Public Health Clinic Monte Carlo Simulation Experiment

Figures

1.1 Data Flow in Health Care Organizations

2.1 Seasonal Variation Characteristics

2.2 Cycle Variation

2.3 Random Variation and Trend

2.4 Excel Template Solution: Moving Average (MA3) for OB/GYN Clinic

2.5 Identifying Best Moving Averages with Graph

2.6 Excel Template Solution: Weighted Moving Average (WMA3) for OB/GYN Clinic

2.7 Excel Template Solutions to the OB/GYN Example, Using Single Exponential Smoothing (SES) with α = 0.3 and α = 0.

2.8 Excel Template Solutions to the OB/GYN Example, Using Single Exponential Smoothing (SES) with α = 0.0 and α = 1.

2.9 Linear Regression

2.10 Excel Setup—Linear Regression for the Multihospital System Example

2.11 Excel Solution to the Multihospital System Example

2.12 Linear Regression as a Trend

2.13 Excel Linear Trend Graphic Solution to the OB/GYN Example

2.14 Excel Template Solution to the OB/GYN Example

2.15 Excel Template—SEST Solution to Example 2.

2.16 Excel Setup for Multiple Regression Prediction of Patient Falls

2.17 Excel Solution to Prediction of Patient Falls

2.18 Seasonality-Removed Trend Data for Emergency Department of Heal-Me Hospital Patient Demand

2.19 Alternative Prediction Methods and Accuracy, Measured by MAD and MAPE

2.20 Linear Trend with Tracking Signal for Patient Visit Prediction, Heal-Me Hospital

2.21 Control Chart of Tracking Signal for Patient Visit Prediction, Heal-Me Hospital

3.1 Decision Process Steps

3.2 Decision Tree

3.3 Rollback Method

3.4 Payoff Table Analysis Using Excel Template for Decision Analysis

3.5 Decision Tree and Rollback Procedure Using Excel Template for Decision Analysis

3.6 Clinical Decision

3.7 Best Expected QALY Years

4.1 Total Cost of Alternative Imaging Sites

4.2 Profit Evaluation of Alternative Sites

4.3 Google Maps “What's Here?”

4.4 Google Maps Location Coordinates

4.5 Selected Richmond Metropolitan Area Hospitals

4.6 Richmond Metropolitan Area Blood Bank Locations

4.7 Geographic Information Systems

4.8 Coronary Heart Disease Hospitalization Rate for Harris County, Texas

4.9 Median Household Income Harris County, Texas

4.10 Data Table—Median Household Income, Harris County, Texas

5.1 Available Space for Layout of Long-Term Care Facility

5.2 Closeness Rating Chart for Long-Term Care Facility

5.3 A and X Closeness Representation

5.4 Layout Solution

5.5 From-To Chart for a Small Hospital

5.6 Excel Template Initial Solution

5.7 Excel Template Final Solution

6.1 Work Design—A Systems Perspective

6.2 Socio-Technical School Approach

6.3 Random Observation Schedule

6.4 Stabilized Dates and Times

6.5 Valid Dates and Times

6.6 Final Observation Schedule

6.7 Flow Process Chart for Emergency Room Specimen Processing

6.8 Commonly Used Flow Chart Symbols

6.9 Flow Chart for Emergency Room Specimen Processing

6.10 Value Stream Map for Prescribing and Dispensing Medication

6.11 Front Desk Check-In Spaghetti Diagram

6.12 Value Stream Map—Patient Flow

6.13 Spaghetti Diagram for Primary Care

6.14 Bottlenecks—Value Stream Map

6.15 Bottlenecks—Spaghetti Diagram for Primary Care

6.16 Future State Value Stream Map

7.1 Workload Management

7.2 Distribution of Daily Workload on a Nursing Unit

7.3 Workload Standard Tolerance Ranges

8.1 Comparison of Eight-, Ten-, and Twelve-Hour Shifts

8.2 Pattern of Alternating Eight- and Twelve-Hour Shifts

8.3 Cyclical Staffing Schedules for Four and Five Weeks

8.4 Example of OR Block Schedule

9.1 Productivity and Quality Trade-Off

9.2 Substitution of Physicians and Nurse Practitioners: A Look at Technical Efficiency

9.3 Example of DEA Efficiency Frontier Formulation

10.1 Graphic Solution for Insurance Company Problem

10.2 Excel Setup for the Insurance Company Problem

10.3 Excel Solver

10.4 Identifying Constraints and Solution Cells

10.5 Selection of Solution Reports

10.6 Answer Report

10.7 Sensitivity Report

10.8 Limits Report

10.9 Graphic Explanation of Sensitivity Analysis: Shadow Price and Its Impact on Alternate Optimal Solutions

10.10 Graphic Solution for Minimization Example

10.11 Excel Setup for the...